|
2164 B.C. |
Ur of the
Chaldeans - Abraham born |
. |
|
2160 B.C. |
. |
Egyptian
First Intermediate Period |
|
2120 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Khety (Kheti) III rules Egypt (until 2070 B.C.) note
1 |
. |
|
2089 B.C. |
Abraham
leaves for Promised Land from Haran (Genesis 12:4) |
. |
|
. |
Abraham
& Sarah in Egypt (Goshen,
Memphis),
return to P.L. (Genesis 12:10-31:1) |
. |
|
2078 B.C. |
P.L. - Ishmael
born to Abraham (Genesis 16:16) |
. |
|
2065 B.C. |
P.L. - Sodom,
Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, and Bela destroyed by fire (Genesis
17:1 & Chapters 18-19) |
. |
|
2064 B.C. |
P.L. - Isaac
born to Abraham (Genesis 18:14, 21:5) |
. |
|
2030 B.C. |
. |
Egyptian
Middle Kingdom |
|
2004 B.C. |
P.L. - Jacob
& Esau born to Isaac (Genesis 25:26) |
. |
|
2000 B.C. |
Old
Babylonian Empire arises (until 1600 B.C.) |
. |
|
1989 B.C. |
P.L. - Abraham
dies (Genesis 25:7) |
. |
|
1950 B.C. |
. |
Ancient
Near East: Middle Bronze Age |
|
1941 B.C. |
Karnak Temple construction begins in reign of Senusert
I (continues until at least 323 BC) |
. |
|
1915 B.C. |
P.L. - Joseph born to Jacob
in his old age (Genesis 37:3) |
. |
|
1897 B.C. |
P.L. - Joseph sold into slavery in Egypt (Gen. 37:2-36)
Egypt - Senusert II becomes pharaoh
of Egypt |
. |
|
1884 B.C. |
P.L. - Isaac
dies (Genesis 35:28-29).
Egypt -
Joseph enters service of pharaoh (Genesis 41:46) |
. |
|
1878 B.C. |
Egypt -
Senusret III (alt. Sesostris III) pharaoh of Egypt until 1840 B.C. |
. |
|
1873 B.C. |
Jacob
moves family to the Land
of Goshen
in Egypt (Genesis 47:28) |
. |
|
1860 B.C. |
Egypt - Amenemhet III becomes co-regent with father
Senusret III. |
. |
|
1857 B.C. |
Egypt - Jacob
dies, embalmed, buried in P.L. (Genesis 47:28, 50:1) |
. |
|
1840 B.C. |
Egypt -
Senusret III dies. Amenemhet III alone is pharaoh
Nation of
Israel enslaved in Egypt (Genesis 15:13, Acts 7:6) |
. |
|
1814 B.C. |
Egypt - Amenemhet IV is pharaoh |
. |
|
1806 B.C. |
Egypt - Sobekneferu (alt Neferusobek, Sobeknefru)
becomes first known female pharaoh of Egypt. She was wife of
Amenemhet IV (also his sister and daughter of Pharaoh Amenemhat III) |
. |
|
1805 B.C. |
Egypt - Joseph
dies 110 yro, embalmed, in coffin (Genesis 50:26) |
. |
|
1802 B.C. |
Egypt -
Sobekneferu dies as last of 12th Dynasty and Middle Kingdom. A new
pharaoh arises that doesn't know Joseph (Exodus 1:6-9). Likely the
very next dynasty, which had many competing and short lived rulers,
or perhaps the later Hyksos. |
. |
|
1783 B.C. |
Egypt -
Period of the Hyksos rulers - capital city at Avaris |
Egyptian
Second Intermediate Period |
|
1600 B.C. |
Hittite
Empire arises (until 1193 B.C.)
Mycenaean
civilization arises in Greece |
. |
|
1570 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Ahmose I & wife Nefertiri (alt. Nefertari) - 18th Dynasty
begins. He defeats Hyksos by taking Avaris |
Egyptian New Kingdom |
|
1550 B.C. |
. |
Ancient
Near East: Late Bronze Age I |
|
1546 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Amenhotep I (alt. Amenophis I), son of Ahmose &
Nefertiri. Major construction at Karnak temple at Luxor. |
. |
|
1526 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh Thutmose I (alt. Tuthmosis I) &
wife Ahmose |
. |
|
1522 B.C. |
Moses born
in Egypt (Deuteronomy 34:7). Rescue most likely by Hatshepsut,
daughter of Thutmose I and Ahmose (Exodus 2:5-10). |
. |
|
1514 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh
Thutmose II (alt. Tuthmosis II). Marries his half sister Hatshepsut,
she reigns with him effectively as co-regent. |
. |
|
1504 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Thutmose III and Queen Hatshepsut rule Egypt (co-regency,
though power rests with her). note
3 |
. |
|
1482 B.C. |
Moses
flees to Midian (Acts 7:23) to escape the wrath of Thutmose III
(Exodus 2:11-15). Pharaoh Thutmose III now rules Egypt alone,
subsequently destroying most traces of Hatshepsut. |
. |
|
1450 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Amenhotep II (alt. Amenophis II). He was not the oldest son
of Thutmose III. Bloodthirsty; liked hand to hand combat, led troops
into battle with howls of rage. |
. |
|
1446 B.C. |
Egypt -
Moses returns and confronts Amenhotep II (Exodus 4:18-5:1). Exodus
of Israel
begins (1 Kings 6:1; Exodus 12:40-41) note 3.
Scripture does not state that Pharaoh was killed at this time (read
about it here).. |
. |
|
. |
Sinai (Marah,
Elim,
Rephidim,
Mount Sinai,
etc.) - Israel in wilderness 40 years (Exodus 16:35). A
timeline of stops on the Exodus is here. |
. |
|
1424 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Thutmose IV (alt. Tuthmosis IV) reigns, son of Amenhotep II
and lesser wife Tiaa. He was not the oldest son. Had dream at the
sphinx that he would rule - recorded on stele there. |
. |
|
1414 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh
Amenhotep III (alt. Amenophis III). The
clossi of Memnon are all that remains of his temple near Thebes. |
. |
|
1402 B.C. |
Israel -
Moses writes and teaches the book of Deuteronomy (Deuteronomy 1:1, 5)
in land of Moab. Moses dies at Mount
Nebo
at 120 yro (Deuteronomy 34:7). |
. |
|
1401 B.C. |
Israel - Conquests
of Joshua in Promised Land begin. Battle of Jericho. |
. |
|
1400 B.C. |
. |
Ancient
Near East: Late Bronze Age II |
|
1378 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh Amenhotep IV & queen Nefertiti.
Changes his name to Akhenaten. Worships one god, Aten, the disk of
the rising son. Bans worship of other gods. Makes new capital city of Akhenaten. |
. |
|
1361 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh Smenkhkare. |
. |
|
1360 B.C. |
Egypt - Queen Neferneferuaten is Pharaoh. She may have
been the daughter of Akhenaten and/or wife of Smenkhkare. |
. |
|
1358 B.C. |
Egypt -
Boy king, 8 or 9 years old, Pharaoh Tutankhamen (alt. Tutankhamun)
rules until 1349 B.C. Changed his name from Tutankhaten and restored
worship of other gods especially Amen at Karnak temple. |
. |
|
1350 B.C. |
Israel - (this date is plus or minus 10 years and cannot be
conclusively derived from Scriptures. Consider Numbers 11:28, Joshua
24:29, and Judges 2:8-10) |
Period of the Judges in Israel |
|
1301 B.C. |
Egypt - Pharaoh
Rameses II rules Egypt. This third king of
the 19th dynasty is often incorrectly identified as the Pharaoh of
the exodus. |
. |
|
1235 B.C. |
Egypt -
Pharaoh Merneptah, son of Ramesses II, rules
until 1225. The Merneptah victory stele
of 1230 B.C. lists Israel note 2 |
. |
|
1200 B.C. |
. |
Ancient
Near East: Iron Age I |
|
1194-1184 B.C. |
Trojan War
(later legends appears based in the actual destruction of Troy VIIa
at this time) |
. |
|
1170 B.C. |
Assyrian
Empire arises (until 612 B.C.) |
. |
|
1140 B.C. |
Beth Shean is destroyed by
fire (archaeology circa 1140~1130) |
. |
|
1100 B.C. |
Israel -
Jephthah is Judge
(Judges 11:26) |
. |
|
1070 B.C. |
. |
Egyptian
Third Intermediate Period |
|
1050 B.C. |
Israel -
Saul becomes first king (Acts 13:21),
anointed by Samuel the last judge and prophet. |
Period
of the Monarchy in Israel |
|
. |
Israel -
David kills Goliath
at the Valley
of Elah. |
. |
|
. |
Israel -
David hides from Saul at En
Gedi. |
. |
|
1010 B.C. |
Israel -
King Saul
dies,
body hung at Beth
Shan.
David becomes king of Judah
Ish-bosheth
becomes king of Israel |
. |
|
1003 B.C. |
Israel - David becomes king
of unified kingdom |
. |
|
1000 B.C. |
. |
Ancient
Near East: Iron Age II |
|
970 B.C. |
Israel -
Solomon becomes king |
. |
|
967 B.C. |
Israel - First
temple, built by Solomon
in Jerusalem
(1 Kings 6:1; 2 Chronicles 3:1-2) |
. |
|
931 B.C. |
Israel
(North) - Jeroboam king. Begins worship
of golden calf at Dan
and Bethel.
Judah
(South) - Rehoboam, son of Solomon, king. |
Divided
kingdom in Israel |
|
926 B.C. |
Pharaoh
Shishak (Sheshonq I, 22nd Dynasty, ruled 945-924 B.C.) sacks
Jerusalem (1 Kings 14:25-26; 2 Chronicles 12:3-4) and other Israeli
fortified cities including Arad
and Megiddo. |
. |
|
914 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Rehoboam dies, Abijah king
only next three years |
. |
|
912 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Asa is king |
. |
|
885 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Omri is king
Ashurnasirpal
II is king of Assyria (885 B.C. - 860 B.C.) |
Neo-Assyrian
Empire (912-612 B.C.). Some date this empire's roots to 934 B.C.
others start dating here in 885 B.C. |
|
874 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Omri dies, Ahab is king |
. |
|
871 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Asa dies, Jehoshaphat is king |
. |
|
. |
Israel - Elijah's
confrontation with prophets of Baal
(1 Kings 18:18-39) |
. |
|
853 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Ahab dies |
. |
|
850 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Obadiah
is written |
. |
|
847 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Jehoshaphat dies |
. |
|
846 B.C. |
Mesha
Stele (Moabite Stone) created by Mesha, king of Moab. Celebrating
victory over Israel (re 2 Kings 3). |
. |
|
793 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Jeroboam II is king |
. |
|
792 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Uzziah
is king (10 years or more as co-regent
with Amaziah) |
. |
|
. |
Israel (N)
- Jonah receives call to Ninevah. Flees via ship from Joppa.
Swallowed by fish. Goes to Ninevah. (2 Kings 14:25) |
First
Olympic Games 776 B.C. |
|
753 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Jeroboam II dies |
. |
|
750 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Jonah
is written |
. |
|
750 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Amos
is written |
. |
|
743 B.C. |
Assyrian
king Tiglath-Pileser III attacks Damascus and subsequently northern
Israel, including Hazor
(as late as 732 B.C.) |
. |
|
740 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Uzziah dies (2 Kings 15:2). Year of Isaiah's vision. (Isaiah 6:1)
Israel (N)
- First captives taken to Assyria by Tiglath-Pileser (2 Kings 15:29;
1 Chronicles 5:26) |
. |
|
732 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Ahaz is king. |
. |
|
725 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Hosea
is written |
. |
|
722 B.C. |
Israel (N)
- Kingdom falls to Sargon II of Assyria. Exile (2 Kings 17:3-6; 18:9-10) |
. |
|
716 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Ahaz dies (2 Kings 16:2). Hezekiah is king. |
. |
|
705 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Rebels against Assyrian king Sennacherib (2 Kings 18:7) |
. |
|
701 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Hezekiah
builds water tunnel
(2 Kings 20:20) |
. |
|
690 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Micah
is written |
. |
|
687 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Hezekiah dies (2 Kings 18:2). Manasseh is king |
. |
|
680 B.C. |
Esarhaddon is the ruler of Assyria (680-669 B.C.) |
. |
|
668 B.C. |
Ashurbanipal is the ruler of Assyria (668-633 B.C.) |
. |
|
663 B.C. |
Egypt - Thebes is plundered and destroyed by the
Assyrians (Nahum 3:8-10) |
. |
|
650 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Nahum
is written |
. |
|
648 B.C. |
Persian
Empire arises (until 330 B.C.) |
. |
|
642 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Manasseh dies. |
. |
|
640 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Josiah is king. (2 Kings 22:1) |
. |
|
612 B.C. |
New
Babylonian Empire arises (until 539 B.C.). Ninevah falls to Babylon. |
Neo-Babylonian
Empire (626-539 B.C.) |
|
610 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Zephaniah
is written |
. |
|
609 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Josiah dies fighting Egyptian Pharaoh Neco at Megiddo.
(2 Chronicles 34:1) |
. |
|
606 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Habakkuk
is written |
. |
|
605 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Nebuchadrezzar of Babylon takes hostages (See Daniel 1:1, this
included Daniel. His
dream interpretation revealed kingdoms to come.) |
. |
|
598 B.C. |
Judah (S) - Jehoiakim deposed by Nebuchadnezzar, Jehoiachin
has very brief and wicked reign before suffering the same fate (2
Kings 24:8). Details on last kings. |
. |
|
588 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Siege of Jerusalem
(Jeremiah is prophet, circa 645-575 B.C.) |
. |
|
587/586 B.C. |
Judah (S)
- Falls to Babylon. Exile to Babylon (2 Kings 25:8-21) - Last
ancient king of Judah |
. |
|
539 B.C. |
Babylon -
Falls to Persia. According to the Nabonidus Chronicle this
happened in 16th of Tishri, 539 B.C. (Tishri = September/October).
Daniel 5:31 |
Persian
Empire [Achaemenid Empire] (550-330 BC) |
|
537 B.C. |
Persian
king Cyrus decrees temple to be rebuilt. (Ezra 6:2-5) |
. |
|
534 B.C. |
Israel - Work on the temple stops |
. |
|
525 B.C. |
Persia
conquers Egypt. |
. |
|
521 B.C. |
Darius the Mede rules over Persian Empire |
. |
|
520 B.C. |
Israel - Work on the temple resumes under King Darius, spurred by
Haggai and Zechariah (Ezra 5:1 - 6:14)
Minor
Prophet: Book of Haggai
is written |
. |
|
516 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Zechariah
is written |
. |
|
515 B.C. |
Israel - Temple completed and dedicated in 6th year of Darius (Ezra 6:15) |
. |
|
500 B.C. note 4 |
Minor
Prophet: Book of Joel
is written |
. |
|
486 B.C. |
Xerxes rules over Persian Empire from Susa (Esther 1:2) |
. |
|
483 B.C. |
Xerxes banishes Queen Vashti (Esther 1:2-21) |
. |
|
478 B.C. |
Esther becomes queen of Persian Empire, wife of Xerxes (Esther 2:16-17) |
. |
|
465 B.C. |
Artaxerxes I rules over Persian Empire |
. |
|
458 B.C. |
Israel -
Ezra brings more exiles back from Babylon. (Ezra 7:11-26) |
. |
|
. |
Nabateans
fully control Edomite territory - based in Petra (Selah) |
. |
|
447-432 B.C. |
Greece -
Parthenon was built in Athens. |
. |
|
446 B.C. |
Israel - Nehemiah
goes to Jerusalem
to rebuild walls. (Nehemiah 2) |
. |
|
432 B.C. |
Israel -
Nehemiah's second visit to Jerusalem
(Nehemiah 13:6-7) |
. |
|
420 B.C. note
4 |
Minor
Prophet: Last Book of the Old Testament is written... Malachi |
. |
|
336 B.C. |
Alexander
the Great rules - Alexander's Empire (until 323 B.C.) |
Greek Empire |
|
333 B.C. |
Alexander the Great defeats Darius III (Persian
Empire) in Battle of Issus |
. |
|
332 B.C. |
Egypt -
Alexander the Great rules. Also controls region of Israel but allows
some self rule. |
Ancient
Near East: Hellenistic Period |
|
305 B.C. |
Egypt -
Ptolemy I rules (until 285 B.C.) |
Ptolemaic
dynasty (Hellenistic) rule Egypt (until 30 B.C.). |
|
283 B.C. |
Septuagint
Translation of Scriptures from Hebrew to Greek begins |
. |
|
196 B.C. |
Rosetta Stone is created, reign of Ptolemy V
in Egypt |
. |
|
167 B.C. |
Israel -
Seleucid King, Antiochus IV, desecrates the temple in Jerusalem
and sacrifices a pig. Maccabean revolt begins led by three sons of
the priest Mattathias: Judas, Jonathan, and Simon |
Seleucid
Empire (Hellenistic) successor state of Alexander the Great. (323 to
63 B.C.) Eclipse Ptolemies in power 217 B.C. |
|
166 B.C. |
Israel - Hasmonean
Period |
Hasmonean
Dynasty (166-37 B.C.) |
|
165 B.C. |
Israel -
Temple rededicated/temple sacrifices restored
(Hasmonean ruler) Judas Maccabee
(alt. Maccabaeus) |
. |
|
160 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler)
Jonathan Apphus |
. |
|
141 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler) Simon Thassis |
. |
|
134 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler) John Hyracanus |
. |
|
105 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler)
Aristobulus I |
. |
|
104 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler)
Alexander Jannaeus |
. |
|
76 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler)
Alexandra Salome (queen!) until 67 B.C. |
. |
|
67 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler)
Aristobulus II |
. |
|
63 B.C. |
Israel -
Roman general Pompey conquers Jerusalem.
(Hasmonean
ruler) Hyrcanus II appeals to Rome, is reinstated as High Priest
and Ethnarch. Much power fell to his adviser Antipater the Idumaean. |
Roman
period begins (Israel is a protectorate of Rome) |
|
51 B.C. |
Egypt -
Cleopatra rules (until 30 B.C.) |
. |
|
47 B.C. |
Israel - Herod
"the Great", second son of Antipater the Idumaean, is
Governor of Galilee (for Rome) |
. |
|
44 B.C. |
Rome - Julius Caesar was assassinated on the Ides (15)
of March |
. |
|
40 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean ruler) Antigonus.
Last real Hasmonean ruler. Seized Jerusalem
with Parthian support. Sent his uncle Hyrcanus II
to Babylon in chains (after mutilating his ears, rendering him
ineligible for office of High Priest). |
. |
|
37 B.C. |
Israel - Herod
"the Great" becomes king of the Jews (client king of
Rome). Herod hands over Antigonus to Rome for execution. |
Herodian
Dynasty (37 B.C.-100 A.D.) |
|
36 B.C. |
Israel - (Hasmonean) Aristobulus
III is only High Priest. Herod has him drowned at Jericho in 35
B.C., fearing his potential threat and lineage to govern. |
. |
|
27 B.C. |
Rome - Caesar
Augustus emperor of Rome |
Roman
Empire (27 B.C.-476 A.D. Fall of Western Empire) |
|
20 B.C. |
Israel - King
Herod begins work on rebuilding the temple in Jerusalem |
. |
|
5
B.C. |
Israel - Fulfilling
prophecy: Birth
of Jesus
in Bethlehem (Possibly late 6 B.C.) |
. |
|
4 B.C. |
Israel - Herod
"the Great" dies in the Spring (between March 12 and
April 11) |
. |
|
9 A.D. |
Jesus goes
up to Jerusalem
from Nazareth,
for the Passover, with his parents (Luke 2:41-51) |
. |
|
14 A.D. |
Rome -
Caesar Augustus dies. Tiberius rules
14-37 A.D. |
. |
|
16 A.D. |
Israel [Map]
- City
of Tiberius founded. |
. |
|
18 A.D. |
Israel [Map]
- Joseph
Caiaphas
becomes high priest (until 36 or early 37 A.D.). |
. |
|
26 A.D. |
Israel [Map]
- Pontius
Pilate
appointed governor of Judea (until 36 A.D.) |
. |
|
28 A.D. |
Israel -
John the Baptist began his ministry (Luke 3:1-2). Also the year of
the first ministry Passover of Jesus in Jerusalem
(John 2:13). |
. |
|
28 A.D. |
Israel - Herod
Antipas begins affair with his brother Philip's wife, leading to
divorce of his wife (daughter of the Nabatean
king Aretas IV),
subsequently marries Herodias, his brother's wife and niece. |
. |
|
30 A.D. |
Israel - Jesus celebrates the Feast of Dedication
(Hanukkah) in Jerusalem;
winter (early December); see John 10:22. Feast remembers events of
165 B.C. |
. |
|
31
A.D. |
Israel [Map]
- Jesus in Garden
of Gethsemane;
trials before Caiaphas,
Herod, Pilate; Death,
Burial, Resurrection
during Passover. |
. |
|
34 A.D. |
Saul of
Tarsus (later the Apostle Paul) meets Jesus on the road
to Damascus. |
. |
|
34-37 A.D. |
Paul in Damascus, Arabia, Damascus again |
. |
|
37 A.D. |
Paul's first visit to Jerusalem (Galatians 1:18-24) |
. |
|
37-46 A.D. |
Paul in Tarsus until Barnabas brings him to Antioch |
. |
|
39 A.D. |
Herod Antipas deposed by the emperor
Caligula and sent to Gaul in exile. |
. |
|
40 A.D. |
Caligula (Gaius) plans to erect statue in Jerusalem |
. |
|
41 A.D. |
Caligula Assassinated; Claudius becomes Emperor |
. |
|
43 A.D. |
Invasion of Britian by the Romans |
. |
|
44 A.D. |
Events of Acts 12 by Herod Agrippa I in
Jerusalem: the apostle James (brother of John) put to death with the
sword; Peter arrested. |
. |
|
46-47 A.D. |
Paul and Barnabas' famine visit to Jerusalem (Acts 11:28-30; Galatians 2:1-10) |
. |
|
47-48 A.D. |
Paul and Barnabas' on first missionary journey to Cyprus and southern Galatia |
. |
|
48 A.D. |
Peter in Antioch (Galatians 2:11-21); crisis in Galatian church; Paul writes Book of Galatians |
. |
|
48-49 A.D. |
Church Council of Jerusalem
(Acts 15) - Agreed that a Gentile did not have to become a Jew, or be
circumcised, in order to be a Christian. |
. |
|
49 A.D. |
London, England, was founded by the Romans as Londinium
Rome - Emperor
Claudius orders Jews to leave Rome (referenced in Acts 18:1-3). |
. |
|
50 A.D. |
Greece -
Paul preaches on Mars
Hill
in Athens |
. |
|
51 A.D. |
Paul goes
to Corinth and stays with Aquila and Priscilla (Acts 18:1) |
. |
|
52 A.D. |
Israel - Herod
Agrippa II given northeastern Galilee. Given limited say in
Jerusalem regarding the temple. Had palace in Jerusalem and
subsequently another at Caesarea
Philippi (calling it Neronias after Nero). |
. |
|
54 A.D. |
Rome -
Nero becomes emperor |
. |
|
56 A.D. |
Paul writes first letter to the church in Corinth
while in Ephesus. (1 Corinthians 15:8) |
. |
|
57 A.D. |
Israel -
Paul imprisoned at Caesarea
Maritima |
. |
|
59 A.D. |
Israel -
Paul before Festus (procurator of Judea 58-62 A.D.) and Agrippa
II, appeals to Caesar (Acts 24:27) |
. |
|
60-61 A.D. |
Paul writes Colossians and Ephesians
from prison in Rome |
. |
|
62 A.D. |
Israel - James,
brother of Jesus,
martyred in Jerusalem by the High Priest Ananias |
. |
|
64 A.D. |
Rome -
Rome Burns (accidental fire) |
. |
|
66 A.D. |
Israel -
First Jewish revolt begins. Vespasian sent to quell rebellion. |
. |
|
67 A.D. |
Israel -
Christians abandon Jerusalem and flee to Pella
of the Decapolis
as a refuge. Josephus, commander of the Galilean forces in Galilee,
surrenders to the Romans. Subsequently becomes historian and
apologist for the Jews. |
. |
|
68 A.D. |
Rome -
Paul beheaded in Rome by Nero ("in the fourteenth year of
Nero" - Jerome, Lives of Illustrious Men, Chapter 5 - Paul)
Rome - Emperor
Nero dies in June (commits suicide). After uncertainty Vespasian
becomes Emperor (69-79 A.D.) |
. |
|
70 A.D. |
Israel -
Temple destroyed by Titus (August 10th or 9th of Av). Jerusalem
surrenders after six month siege, much of Jerusalem destroyed. Almost
100 thousand Jews sold into slavery by Romans. |
. |
|
73 A.D. |
Israel -
Masada falls. 967 Jewish Zealots commit mass suicide. Two women, five
children only survivors who hid in a cistern. |
. |
|
78 A.D. |
Rome -
Peter martyred (traditional sources) |
. |
|
79 A.D. |
Rome -
Titus becomes Emperor (79-81 A.D.) |
. |
|
81 A.D. |
Rome -
Domitian becomes Emperor (81-96 A.D.) |
Major
Persecution of Christians (81-96 A.D.) |
|
95 A.D. |
Apostle
John banished to Patmos. Last living apostle. Writes Revelation,
speaks of Armageddon.
Dies circa 100 A.D. |
. |
|
98 A.D. |
Timothy
stoned to death at Ephesus (traditional sources) |
. |
|
100 A.D. |
Israel - Herod Agrippa II
dies. Last ruling descendant of Herod the Great |
. |
|
108 A.D. |
Church
leader Polycarp (born 69 A.D.), who learned from the Apostle John,
writes his letter to the Philippians. |
. |
|
130 A.D. |
Emperor
Hadrian (117-138 A.D.) rebuilds Jerusalem
and renames it Aelia Capitolina |
Roman
Empire at largest extent in 117 A.D. |
|
132 A.D. |
Israel -
Second Jewish revolt/Bar Kokhba Revolt - (132-135 A.D.) |
. |
|
155 A.D. |
Polycarp
burned at the stake in Smyrna |
. |
|
180 A.D. |
Irenaeus, who learned from Polycarp, writes
"Against Heresies" |
. |
|
312 A.D. |
Constantine
(the Great, 272-337), emperor of Eastern Empire, kills emperor of
Western Empire. Professes conversion to Christianity after seeing a vision. |
. |
|
313 A.D. |
Constantine
issues Edict of Milan granting legal status to Christians and
restoring property. |
Roman
Christian Era |
|
325 A.D. |
Eusebius
of Caesarea finishes his Church History (lived 275 - 339 A.D.).
First
Council of Nicea formulates the Nicene
Creed. Included churches from the east and
west - condemned Arian heresy. |
. |
|
336 A.D. |
First
calendar to show date of Christmas on December 25th in western church
(first certain celebration not until 354 A.D.) |
. |
|
337 A.D. |
Christianity officially becomes state religion of
Rome. Constantine is finally baptised as a Christian (by an heretical
Arian priest) just prior to his death. |
. |
|
367 A.D. |
Athanasius of Alexandria (lived circa 296-373 A.D.),
in his festal
letter, listed the books of the New
Testament; the 27 books still recognized today. Using an old Jewish
grouping method he also lists 22 books of the Old Testament which
correspond to our 39 of today. He notes some of the apocryphal books
but makes sure to emphasize they are not Scriptures, though important. |
. |
|
381 A.D. |
First Council of Constantinople - included churches
from the east and west. Condemned heresy of Macedonius and reaffirmed doctrine
of the trinity. |
. |
|
387 A.D. |
Augustine
of Hippo (354 - 430 A.D) is baptized, having converted to
Christianity. Becomes leading church theologian. Opposes Pelagius. |
. |
|
393 A.D. |
Synod of Hippo (modern Annaba, Algeria) - specifically
listed their recognized books of Scriptures (matching our 27 books of
the NT and all 39 of the OT, plus a few of the so-called OT
apocrypha). Numerous synods and councils were held at Hippo. |
Last
Ancient Olympic Games |
|
395 A.D. |
Roman
Empire divides again between the east and west. Western (Latin)
church based in Rome, eastern church (Orthodox) based in Constantinople |
. |
|
397 A.D. |
Synod of Carthage (Tunisia; 397 A.D.). Matching the
synod of Hippo in 393 A.D., it again specifically listed recognized
books of Scriptures. As with the synods of Hippo, some of the synods
at Carthage were also called councils; for example that of 418 was
called "a council of Africa" by Augustine. |
. |
|
405 A.D. |
Jerome -
Eusebius S. Hieronymus (347-420 A.D.), working at Bethlehem,
completes his Vulgate translation of the Bible into Latin. |
. |
|
412 A.D. |
Theodosian Walls (commissioned by Emperor Theodosius
II) built as second line of defence around Constantinople (completed
in 413 A.D.) |
. |
|
413 A.D. |
Augustine of Hippo (354-430 A.D.) starts his major
work: The City of God. Completed in 426 A.D. |
. |
|
418 A.D. |
Pelagius
(354-420 A.D.), a British monk, is excommunicated. He denied original
sin, claiming men could do good on their own. This Council of
Carthage affirmed sixteen previous synods at Carthage, one at
Milevis, and one at Hippo. It denounced the Pelagian heresy on
original sin, the human nature, and grace; specifically adopting the
opposing view espoused by Augustine. Additionally it (and the synods
of 419 & 424) protested the Roman church's increasing claims of
judicial jurisdiction and supremacy over the African church. |
. |
|
431 A.D. |
Council of Ephesus - included churches from the east
and west. Condemned Nestorianism and reaffirmed that Christ was one
person who was fully human and fully God. Also condemned Pelagius and
affirmed the Council of Carthage in 418 A.D. |
. |
|
440 A.D. |
Earliest
date for the Athanasian Creed. Written by an anonymous author in Gaul
(not St. Athanasius as traditionally claimed). |
. |
|
451 A.D. |
Council of
Chalcedon (in Thessalonica) issues the Chalcedonian Creed - included
churches of the east and west. Condemned Monophysitism, the teaching
that Christ had only one nature and affirmed that Christ was both God
and man. |
. |
|
476 A.D. |
Western
Roman Empire declared redundant. Last
emperor, Romulus Augustulus, allowed to retire; considered so
insignificant that he wasn't worth assassinating. Roman
Catholic
church remains a primary religious authority in the west. |
. |
|
494 A.D. |
St.
Valentine's Day set as February 14th by the Roman
Catholic
pope Gelasius I. |
. |
|
550 A.D. |
Byzantine
Empire at greatest extent |
. |
|
553 A.D. |
Second Council of Constantinople - included churches
of the east and a few from the west (only 6 bishops). Condemned the
teachings of Nestorius again (as did the council in 431 A.D.),
reafirmed decisions of earlier councils. |
. |
|
610 A.D. |
Muhammad
(alt. Mohammed, 570-632 A.D.) claims to receive his first revelations
from God (Allah) - basis of Qur'an (alt. Koran). Beginning of Islam
which believes the Bible
has been corrupted. |
. |
|
622 A.D. |
Muhammad leaves Mecca for Medina (Hijra) |
. |
|
635 A.D. |
Muslim conquest of Damascus |
. |
|
636 A.D. |
Battle of Yarmuk gives Muslims controls over Syria.
Mulsims defeat Persians in battle of Qadisiya |
. |
|
637 A.D. |
Muslims enter Jerusalem.
The city surrendered. (Still a few decades before Jerusalem is
declared to be the third holiest city of Islam and identified as the
place where Muhammad reached in his night voyage and ascended into heaven.) |
. |
|
642 A.D. |
Muslims capture Alexandria, Egypt |
. |
|
643 A.D. |
Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan |
. |
|
647 A.D. |
First Arab Muslim invasion of North Africa |
. |
|
651 A.D. |
Muslims complete conquest of Persia |
. |
|
661 A.D. |
Muslim Umayyad Caliphate (alt. Omayyad Caliphate)
created, based in Damascus |
. |
|
691 A.D. |
The Muslim Dome of the Rock is completed on the temple
mount in Jerusalem.
Built by the Umayyad Caliphate. |
. |
|
726 A.D. |
Byzantine Emperor, Leo III the Isaurian (683-741 A.D., emperor from
717-741 A.D.), banned the veneration of all icons
including religious painting, mosaics, and statutes. |
First Orthodox Iconoclastic Period |
|
730 A.D. |
Emperor Leo III issues second decree now ordering removal
or destruction of all images and icons in
churches. John of Damascus (675/676-749/753 A.D.) writes in defense
of icons and images.
Roman
Catholic pope Gregory II (pope from
715-731 A.D.) holds council to anathematize and excommunicate all iconoclasts. |
. |
|
732 A.D. |
Roman
Catholic pope Gregory III (pope from
731-741 A.D.) holds council to reconfirm excommunication of all iconoclasts. |
. |
|
750 A.D. |
Muslim Abbasid Caliphate overthrew Umayyad Caliphate;
based in Haran Turkey, moves to Baghdad in 762 A.D. |
. |
|
753 A.D. |
Byzantine Emperor Constantine V (718-775, emperor
741-775 A.D) reconfirms iconoclastic
ban on icons and images. |
. |
|
754 A.D. |
Orthodox synod approves iconoclastic
policies of the Emperor. Reaffirms that icons
of the Virgin Mary and the Saints are idols. |
. |
|
787 A.D. |
Byzantine Empress Irene (wife of the late Leo IV and
regent for her young son) overturned all iconoclastic
decrees, a decision reflected by the
Seventh Ecumenical Council (also called the Second Council of Nicea). |
End of First Orthodox Iconoclastic Period |
|
800 A.D. |
Pope Leo III (Roman
Catholic pope from 795-816 A.D.) presides
over the coronation of Charlemagne (king of the Franks from 768 A.D.
onward) as Roman Emperor. |
. |
|
815 A.D. |
Byzantine Emperor Leo V (Alt. Leo the Armenian,
775-820 A.D., reigned 813-820 A.D) renews iconoclastic
decrees |
Second Orthodox Iconoclastic Period |
|
843 A.D. |
Byzantine Empress Theodora, mother and regent of
Michael III (836-867 A.D., reigned 842-867 A.D. who was only a child
when he assumed the throne) abandoned all iconoclastic policies. |
End of Second Orthodox Iconoclastic Period |
|
1054 A.D. |
Patriarch
of Constantinople and Pope of Rome excommunicate each other.
Beginning of Great Schism of Eastern (Orthodox) and Western (Roman
Catholic)
Churches. Dispute over the Holy Spirit. |
Great
Schism of the Eastern and Western Church |
|
1096-1099 A.D. |
First Roman
Catholic
Crusade against Muslim invaders in the east, includes massacre of
Jews in Europe and plundering of Jerusalem and burning of Jews in
Jerusalem in a synagogue. Professed to be helping the Byzantine
(Eastern) Church and Empire. |
. |
|
1187 A.D. |
Roman
Catholic
Crusaders defeated by Saladin (died 1193 A.D.) at the Battle of
Hattin, enables Muslims to retake Jerusalem |
. |
|
1199 A.D. |
Roman
Catholic
Inquisition started by Pope Innocent III (expanded by Pope Gregory IX
in 1233, plus use of torture to get confessions by Pope Innocent IV
in 1252). |
. |
|
1203-1204 A.D. |
The Roman
Catholic Crusaders of the fourth
crusade sack Chalcedon (1203), Chrysopolis (1203), and Constantinople
(1204)- capital of the Byzantine (Eastern) Church and Empire.
Thousands dead and many tens of thousands homeless. Distrust
solidifies the Great Schism. |
. |
|
1227 A.D. |
Chapter divisons added to Bible, for the first time,
by professor Stephen Langton of the University of Paris. |
. |
|
1268 A.D. |
Muslims (Mamluk's) capture the city of Antioch (in
modern Turkey), where believers had first been called Christians
(Acts 11:26) |
. |
|
1291 A.D. |
Muslims capture the city of Acre (northern
Mediterranean Israel) in a bloody seige. Acre had been then a
crusader city since 1191 A.D. |
. |
|
1305 A.D. |
The Roman
Catholic Church moved the Papacy to
Avignon (modern-day France). During this period seven so-called
Bishops of Rome were highly influenced by French Kings. The papacy
(Gregory XI) returned to Rome in 1377. |
Roman Catholic Papacy in Avignon (so-called Babylonian
Captivity of the Papacy) |
|
1347 A.D. |
The Black Death ravages Europe for the first time |
The loose start of the Renaissance in Europe |
|
1377 A.D. |
The papacy of the Roman
Catholic Church returned to Rome. |
End of Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy |
|
1378 A.D. |
Competing claims divide the Roman
Catholic Church. During this period
two and sometimes three popes ruled (in Rome and Avignon) complete
with their own followings, College of Cardinals, and administrative offices. |
Western Schism: Period of multiple rival Roman
Catholic Popes |
|
1380 A.D. |
Early
reformer John Wycliffe (1328-1384 A.D.) begins first English
translation of the Bible. The Roman
Catholic
church declared him a heretic in 1380 and again in 1382. His
followers become known as Lollards |
. |
|
1415 A.D. |
Early
reformer Jon Hus (1373-1415) burned at stake by Roman
Catholic
church for holding to the authority of the Bible over even the Pope.
The Council of Constance again declared John Wycliffe (on May 4) a
heretic and decreed that his books be burned and his remains be
exhumed and destroyed (which was actually done 12 years later). |
. |
|
1417 A.D. |
. |
End of Western Schism of the Roman Catholic Popes |
|
1438 A.D. |
Johann
Gutenberg (1398-1468) invents the printing press |
. |
|
1453 A.D. |
Byzantine
(Eastern) Empire falls. Constantinople conquered by Ottoman Turks,
its Theodosian Walls breached by Mehmet the Conqueror. |
. |
|
1455 A.D. |
Johann
Gutenberg (1398-1468) publishes the Gutenburg Bible, the first Bible
printed with movable type. Paves the way for cheap Bibles for all. |
. |
|
1504 A.D. |
Michelangelo completes the statue David, the most
famous statue of the Renaissance |
. |
|
1505 A.D. |
Leonardo DaVinci comeplete the Mona Lisa, arguably the
most famous painting of the Renaissance |
. |
|
1508 A.D. |
Michelangelo paints roof of Sistine Chapel, finishing
in 1512 A.D. |
. |
|
1509 A.D. |
Henry VIII succeeds to power in England |
. |
|
1516 A.D. |
Novum Instrumentum omne was the first published New
Testament in Greek -- prepared by Desiderius Erasmus
(1469-1536). Four editions followed: 1519, 1522, 1527, and 1536. |
. |
|
1517 A.D. |
Martin
Luther (1483-1546) posts his 95
Theses
on October 31st, which sparked the Protestant Reformation. |
Protestant Era |
|
1518 A.D. |
Swiss
Reformation begins under Ulrich Zwingli. |
. |
|
1522 A.D. |
Martin Luther publishes his New Testament in German,
translated from Eramus' Greek second edition (1519). |
. |
|
1525-34 A.D. |
William
Tyndale (circa 1494-1536) translates New Testament from the
third Greek text of Erasmus (1522) |
. |
|
1536 A.D. |
John
Calvin (1509-1564) publishes first edition of his Institutes of the
Christian Religion. Some of his teachings later become known as Calvinism. |
. |
|
1545-1563 A.D. |
Council of
Trent formulates official Roman
Catholic
church doctrine in response to the Protestant Reformation and to
oppose the Five
Reformation Solas. |
. |
|
1551 A.D. |
Printer Robert Stephanus numbered the verses of the
NT, while riding on horseback from Paris to Lyons. |
. |
|
1582 A.D. |
Gregorian
calendar introduced in all Roman Catholic countries. Slowly becomes
most widely used calendar. |
. |
|
1603 A.D. |
Shakespeare publishes Hamlet (his major works span
from Henry VI in 1590 to Henry VIII in 1623). |
Loose end of the Renaissance in Europe |
|
1611 A.D. |
King James Bible (AV) is published. The work of
47 Church of England scholars from 1604-1611. Based on the third
Greek text of Erasmus (1522). |
. |
|
1730 A.D. |
The Great
Awakening - Revival events through the American colonies spanned
approximately a three decade period ending in 1760. Some date the
start to a lecture by Jonathan
Edwards
in Boston in 1731 emphasizing God's absolute sovereignty in the work
of salvation. |
. |
|
1738 A.D. |
Methodist
Church founded by John
Wesley
(1703-1791) and George Whitefield (1714-1770), both major figures in
the Great Awakening.. |
. |
|
1741 A.D. |
Jonathan
Edwards
(1703-1758) preaches his sermon "Sinners
in the Hands of an Angry God." |
. |
|
1769 A.D. |
Benjamin Blayney, at Oxford, extensively re-edited the
King James Bible. Modern KJV Bibles commonly use this Oxford
Standard Edition. |
. |
|
1799 A.D. |
Rosetta
Stone is rediscovered in Egypt. |
. |
|
1800 A.D. |
The Second Great Awakening - Approximate start of
revival events in the United States, though some date the beginning
up to 10 years earlier. Events spanned approximately four decades,
loosely ending around 1840. |
. |
|
1816 A.D. |
American Bible Society founded. |
. |
|
1824 A.D. |
Charles G. Finney
(1792-1875) was ordained. He became "The Father of Modern
Revivalism" during the "Second Great Awakening." He
denied God's control over the destiny of human beings and assured
everyone as "moral free agents" that they could obtain
salvation through their own efforts. |
. |
|
1830 A.D. |
Mormon
"church"
(Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints) established by Joseph
Smith (1805-1844), author of the Book of Mormon. (A byproduct of the
revivalism and restorationism movements of the Second Great Awakening). |
. |
|
1871 A.D. |
Jehovah's
Witnesses
founded by Charles Taze Russell (started forerunner of The Watchtower
magazine in 1879). |
. |
|
1948 A.D. |
Israel becomes a nation again. |
. |
|
1962-1965 A.D. |
The Second
Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly called Vatican II, was
held. Many thought this council was proof that the Roman
Catholic Church could (and was) changing. |
. |
|
1967 A.D. |
Jerusalem
captured by Israel during the six day war. |
. |
|
Chart End Notes:
This chart was
created by Brent MacDonald, (c)2006-2017. It utilizes well attested
dates from archaeology and historical sources, combined with
calculated dates based upon Scriptures. Holding a high view of
Scriptures and the timeframes referenced therein, this provides an
early date for the Exodus and likewise the life of Abraham --
regardless of some modern scholarship that revises these dates later
by a few hundred years. Due to the imprecise nature of dating historical events
lesser disputes exist regarding some of these
dates, potentially revising them by a year or two or slightly more. First and
last years of the reigns of some rulers are problematic, as they may
include only a partial year, or overlap with a subsequent or
successive ruler.
Historical dates
prior to Abraham (note
double bar dividing the table)
may have to be revised, especially those based on archaeology. This associated
article
establishes how dating was derived for pre-Abraham ancestors. Even
early Egyptian dates, often presented as quite reliable, are highly
speculative and based on lists with legendary and overlapping
elements. Lack of written records has often led to utilizing
problematic dating methods, including radiometric
dating,
for pre-historic periods. Evolutionary bias also tends to exaggerate
prehistorical evidences. The Biblical text and genealogies certainly
point to a very young age for all of earth's history.
1.
(First Intermediate Period, 9th and 10th Dynasties: Khety III wrote
his son and successor Merekare [Merikare] that he should make peace
with Thebes, defend the borders as well as dominate the Asiatics and
"do not reduce nobles in their possessions.")
2.
This was around the time, or just following the time of Gideon's
death. A few decades later, following a period of trouble from the
Philistines and Ammonites (Judges 10:7), God's list of kingdoms that
he used to oppress Israel (to cause them to turn back to Him)
included Egypt in the list before the Ammonites and Philistines. This
was likely a reference to the expedition of Merneptah which would
have still been remembered by those living at that time.
3.
While we did not arrive at an exact match with Coffman's date for
the exodus (by four years), this comment on a 15th century B.C.
dating for the exodus is notable. His notes on the inaccuracy of
dating Pharaohs is likewise very true.
All scholars admit
that all Egyptian dates should be viewed as plus or minus 50 years.
Further proof of the early Exodus in 1446 B.C. is found in the Tel
el-Amarna letters, in which there is a letter written from Palestine
to Amenhotep III, complaining that the Hebrews were taking over the
land; and that is calculated to have been in the year 1391 B.C., the
date when Amenhotep III succeeded Tuthmosis IV as Pharaoh! If the
critics are correct in dating the Exodus two hundred years after it
actually happened, how were the Hebrews in Palestine in 1391 B.C.?
This is by no means all of the rapidly expanding evidence of the
accuracy of the early date for the Exodus, but we consider this far
more than enough to establish it as certain. (Article on 1 Kings 6:1,
Coffman's Bible Commentary, Copyright © 1971-1993 by ACU Press,
Abilene Christian University. All rights reserved.)
A perusal of seven
scholars on one particular 18th dynasty pharaoh resulted in five
differing sets of dates. In specific, as noted by one author, Queen
Hatchepsut's reign is variously dated to: 1504-1482 BC, 1490/88-1468
BC, 1479-1457 BC, 1473-1458 BC (Hatchepsut: The Female Pharaoh by
Joyce Tyldesley).
4.
Dating of when the books of the Twelve Minor Prophets were written
is based on internal evidences within each book. As this method often
cannot arrive at a specific year, rather tending towards a range of
years, the dating used for clarity in this chart is the most probable
if specific, or the latest possible if a range is indicated. For more
details on dating the minor prophets, refer to the associated
article
linked to this time line.
5.
A comprehensive history of China, without gaps, with early entries
appearing to have been written by contemporary authors and no
appearance of incorporating myths or legends was first documented by
a Roman Catholic (Jesuit) missionary, Martino Martini, who was sent
to China in the 1650s. A book published in 1729, in Paris, Observations
mathématiques, astronomiques, geographiques, chronologiques,
et physiques, tirées des anciens livres chinois; ou faites
nouvellement aux Indes et a la Chine,
notes that known eclipses line up with this ancient Chinese history.
UNDERSTANDING
MY PRE-ABRAHAM TIMELINE
On this timeline I've
marked which manuscript families agree for each individual in
regards to their death (ie. D:) and their age when they begot an
heir (ie. B:). Abbreviations are: Heb=Masoretic/Hebrew; 70=Septuagint;
Sam=Samaritan. |
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